Synthesis of biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones via carbonylative suzuki-miyaura coupling reactions catalyzed by bridged bis(n-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(ii) catalysts

ABSTRACT

This disclosure relates to bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes, methods of preparing the complexes, and methods of using the complexes in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/071,381 filed Oct. 15, 2020, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,192,912 on Dec. 7, 2021, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This document relates to use of bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes in carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions to form biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones.

BACKGROUND

Biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones have utility as synthetic intermediates, particularly for the synthesis of heterocyclic systems that can be used as precursors in the synthesis of dyes and liquid crystals for electronic displays. Biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones have also found use in the polymer industry. A common route for the synthesis of these compounds is the carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The reaction is typically catalyzed by a palladium complex but requires high catalyst loading, for example, greater than 1 mol % of the palladium complex is often required. This can lead to higher costs and less efficient reactions.

Therefore, there is a need for a palladium complex that can catalyze a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, in particular, a carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, that has high catalytic activity, is stable, and requires low catalyst loading. There is also a need for an efficient method of using the Suzuki-Miyaura carbonylative coupling reaction to produce biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones.

SUMMARY

Provided in the present disclosure is a method of preparing a biaryl ketone, the method comprising contacting an aryl halide and an aryl boronic acid with a compound of Formula (I) in the presence of a CO source, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

wherein:

R¹ and R² are each independently selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, 5-7 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-aryl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heteroaryl), and (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl);

X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and

n is 1 to 4.

In some embodiments of the method, R¹ and R² are each independently C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each isopropyl.

In some embodiments of the method, X is Br.

In some embodiments of the method, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3.

In some embodiments of the method, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:

In some embodiments of the method, the aryl halide is a compound having the formula:

wherein:

X is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I; and

R is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), aryl, CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl).

In some embodiments of the method, X is I. In some embodiments, X is Br.

In some embodiments of the method, R is selected from H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(C₁-C₃ alkyl). In some embodiments, R is selected from H, methyl, trifluoromethyl, —O—CH₃, CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(CH₃).

In some embodiments of the method, the aryl boronic acid is a compound having the formula:

wherein:

R′ is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, and —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl);

R″ is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, and —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl); or

R′ and R″, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring.

In some embodiments of the method, R′ is selected from H and —O—CH₃.

In some embodiments of the method, R″ is H.

In some embodiments of the method, R′ and R″, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing 2 oxygen atoms.

In some embodiments of the method, the biaryl ketone is a compound having the formula:

In some embodiments of the method, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.001 mol % to about 1.0 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.05 mol % to about 0.015 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.01 mol %.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to N,N′-substituted bisbenzimidazolium salts and bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes and the use of the bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes in chemical reactions to produce biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones. The bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes exhibit high catalytic activity and efficiency with low catalyst loading. For example, the bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes exhibit high catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones via carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the chelating effect of the bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes contributes strongly to the stability and the catalytic activity of these complexes in the carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions with a low loading and high turnover number (TON) of catalyst. In some embodiments, the coupling reaction is between an aryl halide or aryl dihalide and an aryl boronic acid or aryl diboronic acid. The resulting biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones can be useful precursors in the synthesis of dyes and liquid crystals for electronic displays. The biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones can also be used in the polymer industry.

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. While the disclosed subject matter will be described in conjunction with the enumerated claims, it will be understood that the exemplified subject matter is not intended to limit the claims to the disclosed subject matter.

Definitions

In this disclosure, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are used to include one or more than one unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive “or” unless otherwise indicated. The statement “at least one of A and B” has the same meaning as “A, B, or A and B.” In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed in this disclosure, and not otherwise defined, is for the purpose of description only and not of limitation. Any use of section headings is intended to aid reading of the document and is not to be interpreted as limiting; information that is relevant to a section heading may occur within or outside of that particular section.

Values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a range of “about 0.1% to about 5%” or “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (for example, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (for example, 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range. The statement “about X to Y” has the same meaning as “about X to about Y,” unless indicated otherwise. Likewise, the statement “about X, Y, or about Z” has the same meaning as “about X, about Y, or about Z,” unless indicated otherwise.

The term “about” as used herein can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within 5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range.

In the methods described in the present disclosure, the acts can be carried out in any order, except when a temporal or operational sequence is explicitly recited. Furthermore, specified acts can be carried out concurrently unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out separately. For example, a claimed act of doing X and a claimed act of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process.

As used herein, “alkyl” means a branched, or straight chain chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, sec-pentyl and neo-pentyl. Alkyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, alkyl groups include 1 to 9 carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms).

As used herein, “alkylene” means a bivalent branched, or straight chain chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen, such as methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, iso-propylene, n-butylene, iso-butylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, n-pentylene, iso-pentylene, sec-pentylene and neo-pentylene. Alkylene groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, alkylene groups include 1 to 9 carbon atoms (for example, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms).

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic cyclic ring system containing only carbon atoms in the ring system backbone, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclohexenyl. Cycloalkyl may include multiple fused rings. Cycloalkyl may have any degree of saturation provided that none of the rings in the ring system are aromatic. Cycloalkyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl groups include 3 to 10 carbon atoms, for example, 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “aryl” means a mono-, bi-, tri- or polycyclic group with only carbon atoms present in the ring backbone having 5 to 14 ring atoms, alternatively 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms; and having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array; wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic. Aryl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. Examples of aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl is phenyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” means a mono- or bicyclic group having 5 to 10 ring atoms, such as 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10 ring atoms, such as 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms; wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic, and at least one ring in the system contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. Heteroaryl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. Examples of heteroaryl include thienyl, pyridinyl, furyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, thiodiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, thiazolyl benzothienyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, purinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyrrolo[2,3-6]pyridinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-6]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine, pyrazolo[4,3-6]pyridinyl, tetrazolyl, chromane, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydroquinoline, and isoindoline. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is selected from thienyl, pyridinyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoindolinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, and pyrimidinyl.

As used herein, “heterocyclyl” means a 3-14 membered, such as 3-11 membered, such as 3-8 membered nonaromatic mono-, bi- or tricyclic group comprising at least one heteroatom in the ring system backbone. Bicyclic and tricyclic heterocyclyl groups may include fused ring systems, spirocyclic ring systems, and bridged ring systems and may include multiple fused rings. In some embodiments, heterocyclyls have one to four heteroatom(s) independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, heterocyclyls have one to three heteroatom(s) independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, heterocyclyls have one to two heteroatom(s) independently selected from N, O, and S. In some embodiments, monocyclic heterocyclyls are 3-membered rings. In some embodiments, monocyclic heterocyclyls are 4-membered rings. In some embodiments, monocyclic heterocyclyls are 5-membered rings. In some embodiments, monocyclic heterocyclyls are 6-membered rings. In some embodiments, monocyclic heterocyclyls are 7-membered rings. As used herein, “monocyclic heterocyclyl” means a single nonaromatic cyclic ring comprising at least one heteroatom in the ring system backbone. Examples of heterocyclyls include azirinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, 1,4,2-dithiazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyridinyl, oxazinyl, thiazinyl, thiinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl imidazolidinyl, and thiomorpholinyl. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is selected from azetidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and tetrahydropyridinyl. As used herein, “bicyclic heterocyclyl” means a nonaromatic bicyclic ring system comprising at least one heteroatom in the ring system backbone. Examples of bicyclic heterocyclyls include 2-azabicyclo[1.1.0] butane, 2-azabicyclo[2.1.0]pentane, 2-azabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 5-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 7-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane, and 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. As used herein, “spirocyclic heterocyclyl” means a nonaromatic bicyclic ring system comprising at least one heteroatom in the ring system backbone and with the rings connected through just one atom. Examples of spirocyclic heterocyclyls include 2-azaspiro[2.2]pentane, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, 4-azaspiro[2.5]octane, 1-azaspiro[3.5]nonane, 2-azaspiro[3.5]nonane, 7-azaspiro[3.5]nonane, 2-azaspiro[4.4]nonane, 6-azaspiro[2.6]nonane, 1,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane, 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane, 1,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane, 2,5-diazaspiro[3.6]decane, 1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, 2-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane.

Compounds of Formula (I)

Provided in the present disclosure is a compound of Formula (I)

wherein:

R¹ and R² are each independently selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, 5-7 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-aryl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heteroaryl), and (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl);

X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and

n is 1 to 4.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), R¹ is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), R² is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R² is isopropyl. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), R¹ and R² are the same. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are different.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), R¹ and R² are each independently C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl and R² is isopropyl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), X is selected from Cl, Br, and I. In some embodiments, X is C₁. In some embodiments, X is Br. In some embodiments, X is I.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (I), n is 1 to 4. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is

Compounds of Formula (II)

Also provided in the present disclosure are compounds of Formula (II)

wherein:

R¹ and R² are each independently selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, 5-7 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-aryl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heteroaryl), and (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl);

X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and

n is 1 to 4.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), R¹ is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), R¹ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), R² is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R² is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R² is isopropyl. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₆ alkyl group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), R¹ and R² are the same. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are different.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), R¹ and R² are each independently C₁-C₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is isopropyl and R² is isopropyl.

In some embodiments, X is selected from Cl, Br, and I. In some embodiments, X is C₁. In some embodiments, X is Br. In some embodiments, X is I.

In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (II), n is 1 to 4. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is selected from:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is:

Method of Preparing Compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II)

Also provided in the present disclosure are methods of preparing compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II). In some embodiments, the method includes contacting a compound of Formula (II), such as a compound of Formula (II) as described in the present disclosure, with a palladium catalyst, to form a compound of Formula (I). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is isolated. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is purified.

In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst is palladium acetate.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are prepared according to the general scheme presented in Scheme 1, where R¹, R², X, and n are as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the method includes preparing a compound of Formula (II). In some embodiments, the method includes reacting a substituted 1H-benzo[d]imidazole with an alkyl dihalide to form a compound of Formula (II). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is isolated. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is purified. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is isolated and purified prior to using in the method of preparing compounds of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, the alkyl dihalide is an alkyl group substituted with two halides. In some embodiments, each halide is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I. In some embodiments, the alkyl dihalide is an alkyl dibromide compound. In some embodiments, the alkyl group can range from one to six carbon atoms, such as one to four carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl dihalide is 1,2-dibromoethane. In some embodiments, the alkyl dihalide is 1,3-dibromopropane. In some embodiments, the alkyl dihalide is 1,4-dibromobutane.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (II) is prepared according to the general scheme presented in Scheme 2, where R¹, R², and X are as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure are used to prepare a compound of Formula (I), where the compound of Formula (I) is selected from

In some embodiments, the methods of present disclosure are used to prepare a compound of Formula (II), where the compound of Formula (II) is selected from

Methods of Preparing Biaryl Ketones and Biaryl Diketones

The compounds of Formula (I) of the present disclosure are useful as catalysts. For example, the compounds of Formula (I) can be used as catalysts for the synthesis of ketones and diketones, including biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) are used as a catalyst in a carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. In some embodiments, the carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction is between an aryl halide or aryl dihalide and an aryl boronic acid. In some embodiments, the carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction is between an aryl bromide or aryl iodide and an aryl boronic acid.

In some embodiments, the biaryl ketones of the present disclosure are prepared according to the general scheme presented in Scheme 3, where R and R′ can be any suitable substituent and X is as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

Thus, provided in the present disclosure is a method of preparing a biaryl ketone, the method including contacting an aryl halide or aryl dihalide and an aryl boronic acid with a compound of Formula (I), such as a compound of Formula (I) as described in the present disclosure, in the presence of a CO source.

In some embodiments, the method includes contacting an aryl halide and an aryl boronic acid with a compound of Formula (I) as described in the present disclosure in the presence of a CO source. In some embodiments, the aryl halide is a compound having the formula:

wherein:

X is selected from F, Cl, Br, and I; and

R is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), aryl, CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl).

In some embodiments, X is F. In some embodiments, X is C₁. In some embodiments, X is Br. In some embodiments, X is I.

In some embodiments, R is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), aryl, CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(C₁-C₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R is selected from H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), aryl, CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(C₁-C₃ alkyl). In some embodiments, R is selected from H, methyl, trifluoromethyl, —O—CH₃, CN, NO₂, —C(═O)H, and —C(═O)(CH₃). In some embodiments, R is H. In some embodiments, R is C₁-C₃ alkyl. In some embodiments, R is methyl. In some embodiments, R is C₁-C₃ haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R is trifluoromethyl. In some embodiments, R is —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl). In some embodiments, R is —O—CH₃, In some embodiments, R is CN. In some embodiments, R is NO₂. In some embodiments, R is —C(═O)H. In some embodiments, R is —C(═O)(C₁-C₃ alkyl). In some embodiments, R is C(═O)(CH₃).

In some embodiments, the method includes contacting an aryl halide and an aryl boronic acid with a compound of Formula (I) as described in the present disclosure in the presence of a CO source. In some embodiments, the aryl boronic acid is a compound having the formula:

wherein:

R′ is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), and aryl;

R″ is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), and aryl; or

R′ and R″, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring.

In some embodiments, R′ is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), and aryl. In some embodiments, R′ is selected from H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl. In some embodiments, R′ is selected from H and —O—CH₃.

In some embodiments, R″ is selected from H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆ alkyl), and aryl. In some embodiments, R″ is selected from H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl. In some embodiments, R″ is H.

In some embodiments, R′ and R″, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl ring. In some embodiments, R′ and R″, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5 membered heterocycloalkyl ring. In some embodiments, R′ and R″, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5 membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing 2 oxygen atoms.

In some embodiments of the method of producing a biaryl ketone or biaryl diketone, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (I) of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:

The compounds of Formula (I) have high catalytic efficiency and activity and allow for low catalyst loading. In some embodiments, less than or about 1 mol % of the compound of Formula (I) is required to catalyze a reaction, such as a carbonylative Suzuki-Miayura coupling reaction. In some embodiments, the amount of catalyst (compound of Formula (I)) used in the carbonylative Suzuki-Miayura coupling reaction is about 0.001 mol % to about 1 mol %, such as about 0.001 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.3 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.1 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.05 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.03 mol %, about 0.001 mol % to about 0.01 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 1 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.3 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.1 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.05 mol %, about 0.01 mol % to about 0.03 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.03 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.3 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.1 mol %, about 0.03 mol % to about 0.05 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.05 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.3 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, about 0.05 mol % to about 0.1 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.1 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.3 mol %, about 0.1 mol % to about 0.2 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.2 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.2 mol % to about 0.3 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.3 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.3 mol % to about 0.4 mol %, about 0.4 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.4 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.4 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.4 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.4 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.4 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.4 mol % to about 0.5 mol %, about 0.5 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.5 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.5 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.5 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.5 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.5 mol % to about 0.6 mol %, about 0.6 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.6 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.6 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.6 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.6 mol % to about 0.7 mol %, about 0.7 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.7 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.7 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.7 mol % to about 0.8 mol %, about 0.8 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.8 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, about 0.8 mol % to about 0.9 mol %, about 0.9 mol % to about 1 mol %, 0.9 mol % to about 0.99 mol %, or about 0.01 mol %, about 0.03 mol %, about 0.05 mol %, about 0.1 mol %, about 0.15 mol %, about 0.2 mol %, about 0.25 mol %, about 0.3 mol %, about 0.35 mol %, about 0.4 mol %, about 0.45 mol %, about 0.5 mol %, about 0.55 mol %, about 0.6 mol %, about 0.65 mol %, about 0.7 mol %, about 0.75 mol %, about 0.8 mol %, about 0.85 mol %, about 0.9 mol %, about 0.95 mol %, about 0.99 mol %, or about 1 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.001 mol % to about 1.0 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.001 mol % to about 0.5 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.001 mol % to about 0.05 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.005 mol % to about 0.015 mol %. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is present in an amount of about 0.01 mol %. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the increased catalytic activity of the compound of Formula (I) allows for the use of smaller amounts of the catalyst as compared to other palladium-based catalysts that have lower catalytic activity. For example, the amount of the compound of Formula (I) can be less than or about 1 mol %, which is less than the amount of about 1 mol % to about 5 mol % required by other palladium-based catalysts with lower catalytic activity.

In some embodiments of the methods of producing biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones as described in the present disclosure, any suitable CO source can be used. In some embodiments, the CO source is carbon monoxide gas. In some embodiments, the selectivity of the carbonylation product is controlled by the CO pressure. In some embodiments, the CO pressure is between about 50 psi and about 600 psi, such as about 50 psi to about 550 psi, about 50 psi to about 500 psi, about 50 psi to about 450 psi, about 50 psi to about 400 psi, about 50 psi to about 350 psi, about 50 psi to about 300 psi, about 50 psi to about 250 psi, about 50 psi to about 200 psi, about 50 psi to about 150 psi, about 50 psi to about 100 psi, about 100 psi to about 600 psi, about 100 psi to about 550 psi, about 100 psi to about 500 psi, about 100 psi to about 450 psi, about 100 psi to about 400 psi, about 100 psi to about 350 psi, about 100 psi to about 300 psi, about 100 psi to about 250 psi, about 100 psi to about 200 psi, about 100 psi to about 150 psi, about 150 psi to about 600 psi, about 150 psi to about 550 psi, about 150 psi to about 500 psi, about 150 psi to about 450 psi, about 150 psi to about 400 psi, about 150 psi to about 350 psi, about 150 psi to about 300 psi, about 150 psi to about 250 psi, about 150 psi to about 200 psi, about 200 psi to about 600 psi, about 200 psi to about 550 psi, about 200 psi to about 500 psi, about 200 psi to about 450 psi, about 200 psi to about 400 psi, about 200 psi to about 350 psi, about 200 psi to about 300 psi, about 200 psi to about 250 psi, about 250 psi to about 600 psi, about 250 psi to about 550 psi, about 250 psi to about 500 psi, about 250 psi to about 450 psi, about 250 psi to about 400 psi, about 250 psi to about 350 psi, about 250 psi to about 300 psi, about 300 psi to about 600 psi, about 300 psi to about 550 psi, about 300 psi to about 500 psi, about 300 psi to about 450 psi, about 300 psi to about 400 psi, about 300 psi to about 350 psi, about 350 psi to about 600 psi, about 350 psi to about 550 psi, about 350 psi to about 500 psi, about 350 psi to about 450 psi, about 350 psi to about 400 psi, about 400 psi to about 600 psi, about 400 psi to about 550 psi, about 400 psi to about 500 psi, about 400 psi to about 450 psi, about 450 psi to about 600 psi, about 450 psi to about 550 psi, about 450 psi to about 500 psi, about 500 psi to about 600 psi, about 500 psi to about 550 psi, about 550 psi to about 600 psi, or about 50 psi, about 100 psi, about 150 psi, about 200 psi, about 250 psi, about 300 psi, about 350 psi, about 400 psi, about 450 psi, about 500 psi, about 550 psi, or about 600 psi.

The biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones of the present disclosure have utility as precursors in the synthesis of products such as dyes and liquid crystals for electronic displays. The biaryl ketones and biaryl diketones of the present disclosure can also be used in the polymer industry. In some embodiments, the method produces a biaryl ketones having the formula:

EXAMPLES Example 1—Synthesis of Bridged Dibromo Bis(N-Heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) (Pd(NHC)₂Br₂) Complexes

A series of bridged dibromo bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) (Pd(NHC)₂Br₂) complexes (C1, C2, and C3) were prepared in several steps from a substituted 1H-benzo[d]imidazole.

Synthesis of Bridged NHC Ligand Precursors

Dibromido-(1,1′-propyl-3,3′-ethylenedibenzimidazoline) (L1), dibromido-(1,1′-propyl-3,3′-propylenedibenzimidazoline), (L2) and dibromido-(1,1′-propyl-3,3′-butylene dibenzimidazoline) (L3) were prepared in high yields by bridging two molecules of 1-isopropyl benzimidazole with the appropriate dibromo alkane by direct alkylation as shown in Scheme 4.

L1, L2, and L3 were prepared by according to the following general procedure. To a cleaned and dried 100 mL round bottom flask, 1-isopropyl benzimidazole (5.0 mmol) was introduced along with 2.5 mmol of a dibromoalkane (1,2-dibromoethane, 1,3-dibromopropane or 1,4-dibromobutane) and 35 mL of 1,4-dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated with stirring at 103° C. for 12 hrs. The product appeared as a precipitate which was filtered to remove the solvent and washed twice with 1,4-dioxane and then by toluene to remove any traces of reactants. The product was collected as a precipitate then characterized with spectroscopic techniques including ¹H and ¹³C NMR and elemental analysis.

3,3′-Diisopropyl-1,1′-(ethane-1,2-diyl)dibenzimidazolium Bromide (LI)

Yield=66%. Light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm): 9.85 (s, 2H, NCHN), 8.14-8.11 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 7.77-7.70 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 5.12 (m, 2H, NCH), 4.96-4.93 (m, 4H, NCH₂CH₂N), 1.52 [d, 12H, ³J=6.1 Hz (CH₃)₂]. ¹³C{¹H} NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm): 140.5 (NCN), 131.1, 130.4, 126.4, 126.5, 113.9, 113.6, (Ar—H), 50.5 (NCH), 46.1 (NCH₂), 21.4 [NC(CH₃)₂]. Anal. Calcd for C₂₂H₃₀N₄Br₂ (508): C: 51.99%, H: 5.55%, N: 11.02%. Found: C: 51.94%, H: 5.73%, N: 11.23%, ESI: m/z 428 [M−Br]⁺.

3,3′-Diisopropyl-1,1′-(propane-1,3-diyl)dibenzimidazolium Bromide (L2)

Yield=91%. White solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm): 9.83 (s, 2H, NCHN), 8.15-8.11 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 7.71-7.69 (m, 2H, Ar—H), 5.05 (sep, 2H, ³J=6.71 Hz, NCH), 4.67 (t, 4H, ³J=7.01 Hz, CH₂), 2.67 (qui, 2H, ³J=7.02 Hz, CH₂), 1.61 (d, 12H, ³J=6.7 Hz, NC(CH₃)₂). ¹³C{¹H}NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm); 140.7 (NCN), 131.3, 130.5, 126.7, 126.6, 114.1, 113.7, (Ar—H), 50.7 (NCH), 44.1 (NCH₂), 28.0 (CH₂), 21.6 (NC(CH₃)₂). Anal. Calcd for C₂₃H₃₀N₄Br₂, (522.3): C: 52.89%, H: 5.79%, N: 10.73%. Found: C: 52.37%, H: 5.8, %, N:10.97%; ESI: m/z 442 [M−Br⁻]⁺.

3,3′-Diisopropyl-1,1′-(butane-1,4-diyl)dibenzimidazolium Bromide (L3)

Yield=76%. Light brown solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm): 10.05 (s, 2H, NCHN), 8.13-8.11 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 7.68 (dd, 4H, ³J₁=6.1 Hz, ³J₂ 2.75 Hz, Ar—H), 5.05 (sept, 2H, ³J=6.71 Hz, NCH), 4.58 (m, 4H, NCH₂), 2.04-1.99 (m, 4H, CH₂), 1.62 [d, 12H, J=6.71 Hz (CH₃)₂]. ¹³C{¹H} NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm); 140.7 (NCN), 131.3, 130.6, 126.7, 126.6, 114.1, 113.8, (Ar—H), 50.7 (NCH), 46.3 (NCH₂), 25.6 (CH₂), 21.64 [NC(CH₃)₂]. Anal. Calcd for C₂₄H₃₂N₄Br₂ (536.3): C: 53.74%, H: 6.01%, N: 10.45%. Found: C: 52.12%, H: 5.91%, N: 10.79%; ESI: m/z 456 [M−Br⁻]⁺.

Synthesis of Palladium(II)-NHC-Pyridine Complexes

Dibromo bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) (Pd(NHC)₂Br₂) complexes C₁, C₂, and C₃ were prepared from L1, L2, and L3, respectively, as shown in Scheme 5.

C1, C2, and C3 were prepared in high yields by reacting palladium acetate with 1 equivalent of the appropriate ligand NHC precursor L1, L2, or L3 in DMSO. To a cleaned and dried 50 mL round bottom flask, 1.00 mmol of the appropriate diazolium salts was dissolved in 15 mL of DMSO. Pd(OAc)₂ (226 mg, 1.00 mmol) was added to the DMSO solution. The orange solution was stirred for 24 h at 70° C. A white precipitate was formed. The mixture was filtered then washed with water then by hexane finally dried and collected. The formation of the new complexes was confirmed by the disappearance of the acidic C-2 protons of the benzimidazole rings, initially present in the N-substituted benzimidazolium salts due to palladation of the NHC ligand precursors.

Dibromido-(1,1′-diisopropyl-3,3′-ethylenedibenzimidazoline-2,2-diylidene)palladium(II) (C1)

Yield=63%. Light Yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) δ (ppm): 7.85 (d, 2H, ³J=6.72 Hz, Ar—H), 7.78 (d, 2H, ³J=6.4 Hz, Ar—H), 7.42-7.38 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 5.88-5.85 (m, 2H, NCH), 5.70-5.66 (m, 2H, CH₂), 5.08 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.80 [d, 6H, ³J=6.71 Hz, NC(CH₃)₂], 1.62 [d, 6H, ³J=6.41 Hz, NC(CH₃)₂]; ¹³C{¹H} NMR (500 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ (ppm); 168.8 [Carbene signal (NC_(binim)N)], 134.9, 131.3, 123.4, 123.3, 112.9, 111.5 (Ar—H), 54.9 (NCH), 43.8 (NCH), 30.7 (CH₂), 20.6 [NC(CH₃)₂]. Anal. Calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₄Br₂Pd (612.7): C: 43.13%; H: 4.28%; N: 9.14%; Found: C: 43.21%; H: 4.25%; N: 9.63%. ESI: m/z 532 [M−Br]⁺.

Dibromido-(1,1′-diisopropyl-3,3′-propylenedibenzimidazoline-2,2-diylidene)palladium(II) (C2)

Yield=92%; White solid; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMF) δ (ppm): 8.08 (d, 2H, ³J=8.24 Hz, Ar—H, integration not possible due to overlap of the complex with the solvent signal), 7.97 (d, 2H, ³J=8.24 Hz, Ar—H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 4H, Ar—H), 5.99 (m, 2H, NCH), 5.43 (m, 2H, CH₂), 5.11 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.94 [d, 6H, ³J=6.71 Hz, NC(CH₃)₂], 1.78 [d, 6H, ³J=5.80 Hz, NC(CH₃)₂]. ¹³C{¹H}NMR (500 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ (ppm); 181 [Carbene signal (NC_(binim)N)], 135.2, 133.3, 132.3, 123.8, 123.7, 123.4, 123.1, 122.9, 113.2, 113, 110.7, 110.5 (Ar—H), 55.4 (NCH), 53.4 (NCH), 49.5 (NCH₂), 47.8 (NCH₂), 21.7 (CH₂), 30, 28.5, 22.1, 21.7, 21.3 [NC(CH₃)₂]. Anal. Calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₄Br₂Pd (626.74), C, 44.08%; H, 4.50%; N, 8.94%; Found: C: 43.86%, H: 4.25%, N: 8.63%. ESI: m/z 546.82 [M−Br]*.

Dibromido-(1,1′-diisopropyl-3,3′-butylenedibenzimidazoline-2,2-diylidene)palladium(II) (C3)

Yield=68%. Orange solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 8.49 (d, 2H, ³J=7.28 Hz, Ar—H), 7.30 (d, 2H, ³J=7.44 Hz Ar—H), 7.17-7.14 (m, 4H, Ar—H). The signals of aromatic protons were not clearly observed due to overlap with solvent signals), 6.00-5.96 (m, 2H, NCH), 5.75-5.71 (m, 2H, NCH₂), 4.45-4.41 (m, 2H, NCH₂), 1.80-1.45 (m, 4H, NCH₂CH₂. The signals of methylene protons were not clearly observed due to overlap with the isopropyl methyl signals), 1.74 [d, 6H, ³J=6.56 Hz (CH₃)₂], 1.69 [d, 6H, ³J=7.16 Hz (CH₃)₂]. ¹³C{¹H} NMR (500 MHz, CD2Cl₂) δ (ppm); 181.1 [Carbene signal (NC_(binim)N)], 135.9, 132.9, 122.9, 122.8, 112.9, 111.0, (Ar—H), 48.2 (NCH), 30.1 (NCH₂), 27.7 (CH₂), 21.2 [NC(CH₃)₂]. Anal. Calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₄Br₂Pd (640): C: 44.99%; H: 4.72%, N: 8.74%; Found: C: 44.78%, H: 4.89%, N: 8.53%. ESI: m/z 560 [M−Br]⁺.

Example 2—Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions

The dibromo bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) (Pd(NHC)₂Br₂) complexes C1, C2, and C3 prepared according to Example 1 were used in carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions to produce a series of biaryl ketones. The Pd(NHC)₂Br₂ catalysts displayed high catalytic activity with low catalyst loading. The reactions required only 0.01 mol % of the Pd(NHC)₂Br₂ complex and produced biaryl ketones in high yield.

Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Iodoanisole with Arylboronic Acid

A biaryl ketone was synthesized by reacting iodoanisole with arylboronic acid in the presence of a catalyst including Pd(NHC)₂Br₂ (C1, C2, C3), or a comparative catalyst according to the process described in the synthesis of biaryl ketones above, using catalyst (0.01 mol %), iodoanisole (1.0 mmol), arylboronic acid (1.2 mmol), base (2.0 mmol), toluene (5.0 mL), and CO (200 psi). Scheme 6 and Table 1 illustrate the synthesis and results.

As can be seen, biaryl ketones were produced in higher yields when catalysts C1, C2, or C3 were used as compared to traditional palladium catalysts.

TABLE 1 T Catalyst Time Isolated Entry (° C.) Base (0.01 mol %) (h) Yield (%)  1 120 K₂CO₃ C1 6 99  2 120 K₂CO₃ C1 3 98  3 120 K₂CO₃ C1 1 61  4  80 K₂CO₃ C1 3 58  5 100 K₂CO₃ C1 3 82  6 120 — C1 3 traces  7 120 KOH C1 3 87  8 120 Et₃N C1 3 12  9 120 K₂CO₃ C2 3 95 10 120 K₂CO₃ C3 3 89 11 120 K₂CO₃ Pd(OAc)₂/L1^(a) 3 82 12 120 K₂CO₃ Pd(OAc)2 3 75 13 120 K₂CO₃ Pd(C₆H₅CN)₂Cl₂ 3 62 14 120 K₂CO₃ Pd(CN)₂ 3 70 15 120 K₂CO₃ PdBr₂ 3 68 16 120 K₂CO₃ PdI₂ 3 71 17 120 K₂CO₃ PdCl₂ 3 66 18 120 K₂CO₃ Pd(PPh₃)₃Cl₂ 3 72 ^(a)L1(010 mol %)

Synthesis of Biaryl Ketones Using C1

A series of biaryl ketones was synthesized by reacting aryl iodides with aryl boronic acids in the presence of the C1 catalyst as shown in Scheme 7 and Table 2.

TABLE 2 Isolated Yield Entry Aryl iodide Aryl boronic acid Product 3 (%)  1

98  2

95  3

93  4

99  5

96  6

97  7

98  8

96  9

97 10

95

The carbonylative coupling reaction was performed by reacting aryl iodides 1a-1f with aryl boronic acids 2a-2c in the presence of 0.01 mol % of C₁, with 2.0 equivalents of K2CO₃, 5 mL of toluene, 200 psi CO, at 120° C. for 3 hrs. Biaryl ketones 3a-3j were produced in excellent yields (93-98%) via the carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.

Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Aryl Bromides with Arylboronic Acid by C1

Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl bromides with aryl boronic acids catalyzed by the palladium catalyst C1 in the presence of two equivalent of triarylphosphine, where the selectivity in the carbonylation product of was controlled by the CO pressure were also performed as shown in Scheme 8 and Table 3. The following components and conditions were used: C1 (1.0 mol %), PPh₃ (2.0 mol %), aryl bromide (1.0 mmol), aryl boronic acid (1.2 mmol), K₂CO₃ (2.0 mmol), toluene (5.0 mL), CO (200 psi), 120° C., 20 hrs.

TABLE 3 Product Distribution Conv. %^(a) Entry R₃ R₂ %^(a) A B 1

 0 Traces Traces 2

 0 Traces Traces 3^(b)

53  81 19 4

97  97 3 5^(c)

50  32 68 6^(d)

67  41 59 7

84 100 0.0 8^(e)

95 100 0.0 9^(e)

92 100 0.0 10

97  78 22 11^(f)

88  89 11 12^(g)

92  94 6 13

93  58 42 14^(f)

61  82 18 15^(g)

90  91 9 16^(g)

94  93 7 ^(a.)Conversion was measured by GC. ^(b.)Cl (0.5 mol %), PPh₃ (1.0 mol %), ^(c.)Pd(OAc)₂ ^(d.)Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ ^(e.)Acetonitrile was used as solvent. ^(f.)400 psi ^(g.)600 psi

Other Embodiments

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, 5-7 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-aryl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heteroaryl), and (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl), wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl; X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and n is 1 to
 4. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ and R² are each independently C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl.
 3. The compound of claim 3, wherein R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R¹ and R² are each isopropyl.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is Br.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is 1, 2, or
 3. 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl; X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and n is 1, 2, or
 3. 8. The compound of claim 7, wherein R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein R¹ and R² are each isopropyl.
 10. The compound of claim 7, wherein X is Br.
 11. The compound of claim 7, wherein n is
 1. 12. The compound of claim 7, wherein n is
 2. 13. The compound of claim 7, wherein n is
 3. 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:


15. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (I) according to claim 1, the method comprising contacting a compound of Formula (II) with a palladium catalyst to form a compound of Formula (I), wherein the compound of Formula (II) has the structure:

wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently selected from C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, aryl, 5-7 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-aryl, (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heteroaryl), and (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-(5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl), wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl; X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and n is 1 to
 4. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein R¹ and R² are each independently C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), (C₁-C₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁-C₃ alkyl), and aryl.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein R¹ and R² are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R¹ and R² are each isopropyl.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein X is Br.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein n is
 1. 21. The method of claim 15, wherein n is
 2. 22. The method of claim 15, wherein n is
 3. 23. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound of Formula (II) is selected from: 